Clinical research2015
Role for 11C-Choline PET in Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer
Examined serial 11C-choline PET scans alongside biopsy and clinical monitoring in 24 patients on active surveillance for prostate cancer.
View on PubMed →Research library
Cancer, Nuclear Medicine & Emerging Therapeutic Research
Review Dr. William Makis’s peer-reviewed publications alongside clearly labeled external research on repurposed medicines and supportive-care supplements.
Research focus
Clinical imaging and therapeutic nuclear medicine
PET/CT & Oncology Imaging
Published work examining cancer detection, staging, treatment response and clinically important incidental findings.
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Case reports and clinical series involving 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT and 131I-MIBG therapy.
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Research on uncommon metastatic patterns, treatment responses and safety considerations.
Selected publications
Peer-reviewed research coauthored by Dr. Makis
Each entry links to its PubMed record. Study design is shown so readers can distinguish clinical research, retrospective studies, reviews, case series and individual case reports.
Retrospective study2017
Thyroid Incidentalomas on 18F-FDG PET/CT: Clinical Significance and Controversies
Reviewed 7,252 oncology PET/CT studies to examine the frequency, malignancy risk and interpretation of unexpected focal thyroid uptake.
View on PubMed →Review2012
Spectrum of Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Disease on FDG PET/CT
Reviewed PET/CT appearances and clinical considerations across malignant diseases affecting the pleura and pericardium.
View on PubMed →Case series2015
Cardiac Metastases of Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated With 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT or 131I-MIBG Therapy
Reported cardiac metastatic disease identified in a review of 251 neuroendocrine-tumor patients treated with targeted radionuclide therapies.
View on PubMed →Case series2016
Orbital Metastases of Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated With 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT or 131I-MIBG Therapies
Described orbital metastases, imaging findings, management and treatment responses among patients with neuroendocrine tumors.
View on PubMed →Safety case series2015
The Challenges of Treating Paraganglioma Patients With 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT
Examined catecholamine crises, tumor lysis syndrome and the need for modified safety protocols during radionuclide therapy.
View on PubMed →Case report2015
Complete Resolution of Neuroendocrine Tumor Soft-Tissue Metastases After 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT
Documented imaging and treatment response following induction and maintenance peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.
View on PubMed →Case report2015
Thymoma Treated With 177Lu-DOTATATE Induction and Maintenance PRRT
Reported clinical and imaging observations from targeted radionuclide treatment of a patient with thymoma.
View on PubMed →Case report2018
Primary Renal Leiomyosarcoma: Staging and Follow-Up With 18F-FDG PET/CT
Described the use of PET/CT to identify the primary renal tumor, stage metastatic disease and assess treatment response.
View on PubMed →Publication-status note: The 2025 article “Fenbendazole as an Anticancer Agent? A Case Series of Self-Administration in Three Patients” was retracted in January 2026. It is not presented as active clinical evidence. The publisher’s retraction statement explains the publication-status change.
Repurposed medicines
Evidence organized by study type
These external studies cover research topics discussed by Dr. Makis. Dr. Makis is not listed as an author of the studies below. Preclinical findings in cells or animals cannot establish effectiveness in patients.
Preclinical2021
Ivermectin and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Breast Cancer Models
Laboratory and mouse-model research reported immune effects and synergy with checkpoint blockade. This was not a human efficacy trial.
View primary study →Human phase IIa2021
Mebendazole in Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer
An individualized-dose phase IIa study found mebendazole generally tolerable, but the small cohort experienced rapid disease progression and the study did not establish anticancer effectiveness.
View primary study →Preclinical2018
Fenbendazole and Cancer-Cell Microtubules
Cell and animal experiments described microtubule disruption and other anticancer mechanisms. The study does not demonstrate safety or effectiveness as a human cancer treatment.
View primary study →Evidence boundary: Ivermectin and fenbendazole do not have established human anticancer efficacy based on these studies. Mebendazole has limited early human research, and larger controlled trials are needed.
Supportive-care supplements
Selected human research and important limitations
Supplements can interact with chemotherapy, anticoagulants, surgery and organ function. These studies are presented for evidence review—not as a universal supplement protocol.
Randomized phase IIa2019
Curcumin Added to FOLFOX in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
A 28-patient trial found the combination feasible and tolerable. The study was too small to confirm a survival benefit and requires larger trials.
View primary study →Large randomized trial2019
Vitamin D and Prevention of Invasive Cancer
In the 25,871-participant VITAL trial, vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of invasive cancer compared with placebo.
View primary study →Large randomized trial2019
Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Prevention
The VITAL trial found that 1 gram daily of marine omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce invasive cancer incidence compared with placebo in a general-risk population.
View primary study →Phase I safety study2012
Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail) After Breast-Cancer Treatment
Nine women completed this small dose-escalation study after radiotherapy. It explored safety and immune markers, but was not designed to prove cancer-control benefit.
View primary study →Evidence strength, dose, formulation and patient context vary widely. Patients should review supplements with their oncology or medical team before use, particularly during active treatment.